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This site is devoted to mathematics and its applications. Created and run by Peter Saveliev.

# Calculus Illustrated

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Calculus Illustrated by Peter Saveliev

This is an early draft, work in progress. If you have any questions, please email me or use the facebook page. The lectures are on this YouTube channel.

## 1 Part R: Review of functions

1 What are relations and functions? 2 The coordinate system for dimension 1 3 The coordinate system for dimension 2 4 How relations and functions emerge... 5 Implicit relations and curves 6 Functions: making relations explicit 7 The graph of a function 8 Elementary functions 9 Monotonicity 10 Polynomials 11 Rational functions 12 Sequences

1 Algebra of functions 2 Functions are transformations of the line 3 Transformations of the axes produce new functions 4 Compositions 5 Inverses

1 Algebraic functions 2 Trigonometric functions 3 Concavity 4 Boundedness 5 Symmetries 6 The exponent 7 The logarithm 8 Change of variables 9 Functions of functions 10 History of functions

## 2 Part I: Differential calculus

1 Limits of sequences: long-term trends 2 The definition of limit 3 Algebra of sequences and limits 4 Adding infinities, dividing by zero, etc. 5 More properties of limits of sequences 6 Useful theorems* 7 Famous limits 8 The exponential function and the logarithm

1 Limits of functions: small scale trends 2 Limits under algebraic operations 3 Discontinuity: what to avoid 4 Continuity under algebraic operations 5 Limits and continuity under compositions 6 Continuity of the inverse 7 More on limits and continuity 8 Global properties of continuous functions 9 Large-scale behavior and asymptotes 10 Limits and infinity 11 Continuity and accuracy 12 The ε-δ definition of limit 13 Flowchart for limit computation

1 Location - velocity - acceleration 2 The Tangent Problem 3 The rate of change: the difference quotient of a function 4 The limit of the difference quotient: the derivative 5 The derivative is the instantaneous rate of change 6 Differentiability 7 The derivative as a function 8 Notation 9 Differentiation of the trigonometric and exponential functions 10 Differentiation of the power functions 11 A ball is thrown...

1 Differentiation over addition and constant multiple 2 Differentiation over multiplication and division 3 The rate of change of the rate of change 4 Repeated differentiation 5 Differentiation over compositions: the Chain Rule 6 Change of variables and the derivative 7 Implicit differentiation and related rates 8 Radar gun: the math 9 Differentiation of the inverse function 10 Examples of differentiation 11 Reversing differentiation 12 Newton's Laws

1 Extreme points and the derivative 2 Maximum and minimum values of functions 3 What the derivative says about the difference quotient 4 Monotonicity and the sign of the derivative 5 Concavity and the sign of the second derivative 6 Derivatives and extrema 7 Anti-differentiation 8 Antiderivatives 9 Using differentiation to compute limits: L'Hopital's Rule 10 The limit of the difference quotient is the derivative*

1 Finding extreme points with the method of steepest descent 2 Optimization examples 3 Solving equations numerically: bisection and Newton's method 4 Linearization 5 The accuracy of the best linear approximation 6 Flows: a discrete model 7 Motion under forces: a discrete model 8 Exponential models: discrete and continuous 9 Functions of several variables

## 3 Part II: Integral calculus

1 The Area Problem 2 The geometry of the coordinate system 3 The total value: the Riemann sum of a function 4 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 5 The sigma notation 6 How to approximate the displacement from the velocity 7 The limit of the Riemann sum: the Riemann integral 8 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus continued 9 Properties of Riemann sums and Riemann integrals 10 Properties of Riemann sums and Riemann integrals continued 11 Integrability*

1 Linear change of variables in integral 2 Integration by substitution: compositions 3 Change of variables in integrals 4 Change of variables in definite integrals 5 Trigonometric substitutions 6 Integration by parts: products 7 Integration methods 8 New functions via integration 9 The areas of infinite regions: improper integrals 10 Properties of proper and improper integrals

1 The area between two graphs 2 Volumes via cross-sections 3 The linear density and the mass 4 The center of mass 5 The coordinate system for dimension 3 6 Volumes of solids of revolution 7 The radial density and the mass 8 Flow rate 9 Work 10 The average value of a function 11 Numerical integration 12 Lengths of curves

1 A ball is thrown... 2 Introduction to parametric curves 3 Introduction to functions of several variables 4 Introduction to calculus of several variables 5 Differential equations 6 The centroid of a flat object 7 Discrete forms 8 Differential forms

1 From linear to quadratic approximations 2 Taylor polynomials 3 Sequences of functions 4 Infinite series 5 Examples of series 6 Comparison of series 7 Algebraic properties of series 8 Divergence 9 Series with non-negative terms 10 Comparison of series, continued 11 Absolute convergence 12 The Ratio Test and the Root Test 13 Power series 14 Calculus of power series

## 4 Part III: Calculus in higher dimensions

1 Multiple variables, multiple dimensions 2 Euclidean spaces and Cartesian systems of dimensions 1, 2, 3,... 3 Geometry of distances 4 Sequences and topology in $R^n$ 5 Vectors 6 Algebra of vectors 7 Components of vectors 8 Lengths of vectors 9 Parametric curves 10 Partitions of the space 11 Discrete forms 12 The cycloid 13 Angles between vectors and the dot product 14 Projections 15 Alternative coordinate systems

1 Parametric curves 2 Limits of parametric curves 3 Continuity 4 Coordinate-wise treatment 5 Location - velocity - acceleration 6 The rate of change: the difference quotient 7 The derivative 8 Computing derivatives 9 Properties of difference quotients and derivatives 10 Compositions and the Chain Rule 11 Riemann sums and Riemann integrals 12 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 13 Properties of Riemann sums and Riemann integrals 14 Derivatives of derivatives 15 Reversing differentiation: antiderivatives 16 The speed 17 Curves vs. parametric curves 18 The curvature 19 The arc-length parametrization 20 Re-parametrization 21 Lengths of curves 22 Arc-length integrals: weight 23 The helix 24 The torsion

1 Overview of functions 2 Linear functions and planes in $R^3$ 3 An example of a non-linear function 4 Graphs 5 Limits 6 Continuity 7 Partial difference quotients 8 Linear approximations and differentiability 9 Partial differentiation and optimization 10 The second difference quotient with respect to a repeated variable 11 The second difference quotient with respect to mixed variables 12 The second partial derivatives

1 Overview of functions 2 Vector fields 3 The algebra and geometry of vector fields 4 The derivative of a function of several variables: the gradient 5 Algebraic properties of the difference quotients and the gradients 6 Compositions and the Chain Rule 7 The gradient is perpendicular to the level curves 8 Monotonicity of functions of several variables 9 Differentiation 10 When is a vector field a gradient? 11 Line integrals: work

1 Volumes and the Riemann sums 2 Properties of the Riemann sums 3 The Riemann integral over rectangles 4 The weight as the 3d Riemann sum 5 The weight as the 3d Riemann integral 6 Lengths, areas, volumes, and beyond 7 Outside the sandbox 8 Triple integrals 9 The n-dimensional case 10 The center of mass 11 The expected value 12 Gravity 13 How floating things are spun by the stream 14 Line integrals vs. gradient vector fields 15 Green's Theorem: the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus for dimension 2

1 Functions as transformations 2 Where do matrices come from? 3 Matrix multiplication 4 Linear functions are matrices and matrices are linear functions 5 Matrix operations 6 Determinants 7 The derivative is a matrix 8 Change of variables 9 Polar, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates 10 Change of variables in integrals 11 Flow integrals on the plane

## 5 Part IV: Differential equations

1 Ordinary differential equations 2 Discrete models and setting up ODEs 3 Solution sets of ODEs 4 Change of variables in ODEs 5 Separation of variables in ODEs 6 The method of integrating factors 7 Solving ODEs numerically: Euler's method 8 Qualitative analysis of ODEs 9 The accuracy of Euler's method 10 Exactness* 11 Linearization of ODEs 12 Solving ODEs with series 13 Motion under forces: ODEs of second order

1 The emergence of complex numbers 2 The algebra of complex numbers 3 Classification of quadratic polynomials 4 Calculus of complex variable 5 Power series 6 Solving ODEs with power series 7 Fourier series* 8 Eigenvalues and eigenvectors 9 Classification of linear functions 10 Classification of linear functions, continued

1 The predator-prey model 2 Qualitative analysis of the predator-prey model 3 Solving Lotka–Volterra equations 4 Vector fields and systems of ODEs 5 Euler's method on the plane 6 Qualitative analysis of systems of ODEs 7 The vector notation and linear systems 8 Classification of linear systems 9 Classification of linear systems, continued

1 Pursuit curves 2 Linearization 3 Discrete models and setting up vector ODEs 4 Motion under forces: ODEs of second order 5 Motion under forces: vector ODE of second order 6 Planetary motion 7 The two- and three-body problems 8 Boundary value problems